Upper Limb Muscles
Pectoral Region
Pectoralis Major
Origin: medial 2/3 clavicle + sternum + upper 6 costal cartilages
Insert: Lateral lip of bicipital groove
Insert: Lateral lip of bicipital groove
Medial + lateral pectoral nn.
Adduction + medial rotation + flexion of arm
💪
Pectoralis Minor
Origin: ribs 3, 4, 5 · Insert: Coracoid process of scapula
Medial pectoral n.
Protraction of scapula + depresses shoulder
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Serratus Anterior
Origin: lateral ribs 1–8 · Insert: medial border of scapula
Long thoracic nerve
Protraction + upward rotation of scapula
⚠️ Paralysis → Winging of Scapula
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Back Muscles
Trapezius
Origin: occiput + C7–T12 · Insert: lateral clavicle + acromion + scapular spine
Spinal accessory n. (CN XI)
Elevates shoulder
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Latissimus Dorsi
Origin: T7–L5 + iliac crest · Insert: floor of bicipital groove (medial lip)
Thoracodorsal nerve
Adduction + medial rotation + extension of arm
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Rhomboids Major & Minor
Origin: C7–T5 · Insert: medial border of scapula
Dorsal scapular nerve
Retraction + elevation of scapula
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Levator Scapulae
Origin: C1–C4 transverse processes · Insert: superior angle of scapula
Dorsal scapular nerve
Elevates scapula
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Shoulder (Scapula → Humerus)
Deltoid
Origin: lateral clavicle + acromion + scapular spine · Insert: deltoid tuberosity
Axillary nerve
Middle fibers: abduction 15–90°
💪
Rotator Cuff = SITS — Supraspinatus · Infraspinatus · Teres minor · Subscapularis
Supraspinatus [S]
Origin: supraspinous fossa · Insert: greater tubercle (superior facet)
Suprascapular nerve
Initiates abduction 0–15°
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Infraspinatus [I]
Origin: infraspinous fossa · Insert: greater tubercle (middle facet)
Suprascapular nerve
Lateral rotation of arm
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Teres Minor [T]
Origin: lateral border of scapula · Insert: greater tubercle (inferior facet)
Axillary nerve
Lateral rotation of arm
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Subscapularis [S]
Origin: subscapular fossa · Insert: lesser tubercle of humerus
Upper + lower subscapular nn.
Adduction + medial rotation of arm
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Teres Major
Origin: lower lateral border of scapula · Insert: medial lip of bicipital groove
Lower subscapular nerve
Adduction + medial rotation + extension
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Arm — Anterior "BBC" (all → Musculocutaneous n.)
Coracobrachialis [C]
Origin: coracoid process · Insert: middle medial humerus
Musculocutaneous nerve
Flexion of arm
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Biceps Brachii [B]
Short head: coracoid · Long head: supraglenoid tubercle (intracapsular ⚠️)
Musculocutaneous nerve
Flexion arm + elbow + supination of semi-flexed forearm
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Brachialis [B]
Origin: lower anterior humerus · Insert: coronoid process + ulnar tuberosity
Musculocutaneous n. (+ radial n. for lateral fibers)
MAIN flexor of forearm
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Arm — Posterior (→ Radial n.)
Triceps Brachii (Long, Lateral, Medial heads)
Insert: olecranon of ulna
Radial nerve
MAIN extensor of forearm
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Anterior Forearm — Flexors
⚠️ All → Median nerve EXCEPT Flexor carpi ulnaris → Ulnar nerve
Pronator Teres
Origin: medial epicondyle + coronoid · Insert: lateral radius (middle)
Median nerve
Pronation of forearm
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Flexor Carpi Radialis
Origin: medial epicondyle · Insert: base of 2nd metacarpal
Median nerve
Wrist flexion + abduction of hand
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Flexor Carpi Ulnaris ⚠️
Origin: medial epicondyle + olecranon · Insert: pisiform + hamate + 5th metacarpal
ULNAR nerve (exception!)
Wrist flexion + adduction of hand
⚠️
Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
Insert: middle phalanges of fingers 2–5
Median nerve
Flexes medial 4 fingers + wrist
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Pronator Quadratus
Origin: distal ulna · Insert: distal radius
Median nerve
MAIN pronator of forearm
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Posterior/Lateral Forearm — Extensors
Lateral compartment → Radial n. · Posterior compartment → Deep branch of radial n.
Brachioradialis
Origin: lateral supracondylar ridge · Insert: styloid process of radius
Radial nerve
Elbow flexion in midprone position
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Extensor Digitorum
Origin: lateral epicondyle · Insert: dorsal expansions fingers 2–5
Deep branch of radial nerve
Extends medial 4 fingers + wrist
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Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
Origin: lateral epicondyle · Insert: base of 5th metacarpal
Deep branch of radial nerve
Wrist extension + adduction
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Hand Muscles (20 total)
⚠️ ALL → Ulnar nerve EXCEPT Thenar + 1st & 2nd Lumbricals → Median nerve
| Group | Muscles | Nerve | Action |
|---|---|---|---|
| Thenar | Abd. pollicis brevis · Flex. pollicis brevis · Opponens pollicis | Median | Thumb movements |
| Adductor pollicis | Adductor pollicis | Ulnar | Adducts thumb |
| Hypothenar | Abd. digiti minimi · Flex. digiti minimi · Opponens digiti minimi | Ulnar | Little finger |
| Lumbricals 1&2 | 1st & 2nd lumbrical | Median | Writing: flex MCP + extend IP |
| Lumbricals 3&4 | 3rd & 4th lumbrical | Ulnar | |
| Palmar interossei (4) | All 4 | Ulnar | PAD = ADduction toward middle |
| Dorsal interossei (4) | All 4 | Ulnar | DAB = ABduction from middle |
⚡ Quick-fire — Upper Limb
Serratus anterior paralysisWinging of scapula
Abduction 0–15°Supraspinatus
Abduction 15–90°Deltoid
Long head of bicepsINTRAcapsular
Main forearm flexorBrachialis
Main forearm pronatorPronator quadratus
Flexor carpi ulnaris nerveUlnar (exception!)
ALL hand muscles nerveUlnar (except thenar + 1st/2nd lumbr = Median)
PAD / DABPalmar=ADduction / Dorsal=ABduction
Lower Limb Muscles
| Anterior | Medial | Posterior | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Muscles | Quadriceps + Iliopsoas + Sartorius + Pectineus | Adductors + Gracilis | Hamstrings |
| Movement | Flexion of thigh, Extension of leg | Adduction of thigh | Extension of thigh, Flexion of leg |
| Nerve | Femoral n. | Obturator n. | Sciatic n. |
Anterior Compartment
All → Femoral nerve EXCEPT Psoas major → L1, 2, 3
Iliopsoas
Iliacus (iliac fossa) + Psoas major (T12–L5) · Insert: lesser trochanter
Femoral n. + L1,2,3 (psoas)
Flexes thigh
🦴
Sartorius — longest muscle in the body
Origin: ASIS · Insert: upper medial tibia (pes anserinus)
Femoral nerve
Tailor position: flexion + abduction + lateral rotation of thigh
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Quadriceps Femoris (4 heads)
Insert: patella → tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
Femoral nerve
Extends knee · Rectus femoris also flexes thigh
💪
Pectineus
Origin: superior pubic ramus · Insert: linea aspera of femur
Femoral nerve
Flexes + adducts thigh
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Medial Compartment — Adductors
All → Obturator nerve
Adductors (Longus, Brevis, Magnus)
Origin: pubis · Insert: linea aspera of femur
Obturator nerve
Adducts thigh
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Gracilis
Origin: pubis · Insert: upper medial tibia (pes anserinus)
Obturator nerve
Adducts thigh + flexes + medially rotates leg
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Posterior Compartment — Hamstrings
⚠️ All → Tibial branch of sciatic n. EXCEPT short head of biceps femoris → Common peroneal branch
Biceps Femoris ⚠️
Long head: ischial tuberosity · Short head: linea aspera · Insert: head of fibula
Long: Tibial n.Short: Common peroneal ⚠️
Extends hip + flexes knee + lateral rotation
⚠️
Semitendinosus
Origin: ischial tuberosity · Insert: upper medial tibia (pes anserinus)
Tibial branch of sciatic n.
Extends hip + flexes knee + medial rotation
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Semimembranosus
Origin: ischial tuberosity · Insert: posterior medial tibial condyle
Tibial branch of sciatic n.
Extends hip + flexes knee + medial rotation
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Gluteal Region
⚠️ All → Superior gluteal nerve EXCEPT Gluteus maximus → Inferior gluteal nerve
Gluteus Maximus ⚠️
Origin: ilium + sacrum + coccyx · Insert: gluteal tuberosity + iliotibial tract
Inferior gluteal nerve ⚠️
Extension + lateral rotation of thigh
⚠️
Gluteus Medius
Origin: outer ilium · Insert: greater trochanter of femur
Superior gluteal nerve
Abduction + prevents pelvic tilt
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Gluteus Minimus
Origin: outer ilium · Insert: greater trochanter (anterior surface)
Superior gluteal nerve
Abduction + prevents pelvic tilt
🦴
IM injection → Upper lateral quadrant of gluteal region (avoids sciatic nerve!)
6 Lateral Rotators of Thigh
| Muscle | Nerve |
|---|---|
| Piriformis | S1, S2 |
| Obturator internus | Nerve to obturator internus |
| Superior gemellus | Nerve to obturator internus |
| Quadratus femoris | Nerve to quadratus femoris |
| Inferior gemellus | Nerve to quadratus femoris |
| Obturator externus | Obturator nerve |
Leg Compartments
Peroneus = Eversion · Tibialis = Inversion
Tibialis Anterior
Origin: lateral tibia · Insert: medial cuneiform + 1st metatarsal
Deep fibular (peroneal) nerve
Dorsiflexion + inversion
🦴
Extensor Hallucis Longus
Origin: middle fibula · Insert: distal phalanx of big toe
Deep fibular (peroneal) nerve
Dorsiflexion + extends big toe
🦴
Extensor Digitorum Longus
Insert: dorsal expansions toes 2–5
Deep fibular (peroneal) nerve
Dorsiflexion + extends 4 toes
🦴
Fibularis (Peroneus) Longus & Brevis
Lateral compartment
Superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve
Plantarflexion + eversion of foot
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Gastrocnemius + Soleus + Plantaris
Insert: all via Achilles tendon → calcaneus
Tibial nerve
Plantarflexion · Gastroc also weakly flexes knee
💪
Popliteus
Origin: lateral femoral condyle · Insert: posterior tibia
Tibial nerve
Flexes + UNLOCKS the knee
🔑
Tibialis Posterior
Origin: posterior tibia + fibula · Insert: navicular + cuneiforms + cuboid
Tibial nerve
Plantarflexion + inversion
🦴
Flexor Hallucis Longus
Origin: posterior fibula · Insert: distal phalanx big toe
Tibial nerve
Plantarflexion + flexes big toe
🦴
Flexor Digitorum Longus
Origin: posterior tibia · Insert: distal phalanges toes 2–5
Tibial nerve
Plantarflexion + flexes 4 toes
🦴
Sole of the Foot — 4 Layers
⚠️ All → Lateral plantar n. EXCEPT Abd hallucis + FDB + FHB + 1st lumbrical → Medial plantar n.
| Layer | Contents |
|---|---|
| 1st (superficial) | Abductor hallucis · Flexor digitorum brevis · Abductor digiti minimi |
| 2nd | Quadratus plantae · Lumbricals (4) · FDL tendon · FHL tendon |
| 3rd | Flexor hallucis brevis · Adductor hallucis · Flexor digiti minimi brevis |
| 4th (deep) | Interossei (4 dorsal + 3 plantar) · Peroneus longus tendon · Tibialis posterior tendon |
2nd and 4th layers contain TENDONS from leg muscles — not intrinsic foot muscles
⚡ Quick-fire — Lower Limb
Longest muscle in bodySartorius
Only quad head crossing hipRectus femoris (also flexes thigh)
Short head of biceps femorisCommon peroneal (not tibial!)
Gluteus maximus nerveInferior gluteal
Gluteus medius + minimusSuperior gluteal
IM injection siteUpper lateral quadrant
Anterior leg nerveDeep fibular/peroneal
Lateral leg nerveSuperficial fibular/peroneal
Posterior leg nerveTibial
Popliteus actionFlexes + unlocks knee
Peroneus / TibialisEversion / Inversion
Medial plantar nerve (foot)Abd hallucis, FDB, FHB, 1st lumbrical
Cardiovascular System — Lec 10
Thoracic Cavity
Thoracic Cavity
Bounded by thoracic cage + diaphragm
Contains: 2 pleural cavities + mediastinum
Contains: 2 pleural cavities + mediastinum
Houses heart & lungs
🫁
Mediastinum
Mediastinum
Septum between the two pleural cavities
Superior: thoracic outlet · Inferior: diaphragm · Anterior: sternum · Posterior: vertebral column
Superior: thoracic outlet · Inferior: diaphragm · Anterior: sternum · Posterior: vertebral column
Dividing line: sternal angle → T4
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Mediastinum — Subdivisions
Superior · Inferior (Anterior | Middle | Posterior)
Middle = heart + pericardium
Middle mediastinum = heart & pericardium
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Superior Mediastinum — Contents
Trachea · Arch of aorta · SVC · Brachiocephalic vessels · Vagus nerves · Pulmonary trunk
Vagus nerves (CN X)Arch of aorta
🩸
Arch of Aorta
Arch of Aorta
3 branches: Brachiocephalic (R) · L common carotid · L subclavian
Brachiocephalic → R subclavian + R common carotid
🩸
Superior Vena Cava (SVC)
IJV + subclavian → brachiocephalic v. → SVC
Drains upper half of body → right atrium
Drains upper half of body → right atrium
Returns blood from upper body
🩸
The Heart
The Heart
Middle mediastinum · 1/3 right + 2/3 left of midline
Apex: 5th L intercostal space, 9 cm from midline
Apex: 5th L intercostal space, 9 cm from midline
Layers: Epicardium → Myocardium → Endocardium
❤️
Pericardium
Pericardium
Fibrous (outer) · Serous pericardium: parietal + visceral (epicardium)
Pericardial cavity between serous layers
⚠️ Cardiac tamponade: excess fluid → heart compression
🫀
Heart Chambers
Right Atrium
Smooth posterior + rough anterior · Fossa ovalis on septal wall
Receives: SVC · IVC · Coronary sinus
AV orifice → tricuspid valve
🫀
Right Ventricle
Inflow: rough · Outflow: infundibulum → pulmonary artery
In: tricuspid valveOut: pulmonary valve
🫀
Left Atrium
Receives 4 pulmonary veins · AV orifice → mitral valve
4 pulmonary veins inMitral valve out
🫀
Left Ventricle
Wall 3× thicker than right · Vestibule → ascending aorta
In: mitral valveOut: aortic valve
Thickest wall — must pump against systemic resistance
🫀
Heart Valves
| Valve | Type | Location |
|---|---|---|
| Tricuspid | Atrioventricular | Right atrium → right ventricle |
| Mitral (bicuspid) | Atrioventricular | Left atrium → left ventricle |
| Pulmonary | Semilunar | Right ventricle → pulmonary artery |
| Aortic | Semilunar | Left ventricle → aorta |
Incompetent valve → regurgitation · Stenosis → heart overload
Blood Supply of the Heart
Right Coronary Artery (RCA)
Origin: anterior aortic sinus of ascending aorta
SA node branchPosterior interventricular a.
🩸
Left Coronary Artery (LCA)
Origin: posterior (left) aortic sinus of ascending aorta
LAD (anterior interventricular)Circumflex branch
LAD = "widow maker" — most commonly blocked artery
🩸
Cardiac Venous Drainage
Coronary sinus → right atrium · Great + middle + small cardiac veins
Coronary sinus drains most cardiac blood
🩸
Conducting System
Conducting System
SA node → AV node → Bundle of His → Bundle branches → Purkinje fibers
SA node = pacemakerAV node delays impulse
⚠️ SA node supplied by RCA (SA node branch)
⚡
⚡ Quick-fire — Cardiovascular
Dividing line of mediastinumSternal angle → lower border T4
Middle mediastinum containsHeart + pericardium
Heart wall layers (outside→in)Epicardium → Myocardium → Endocardium
Cardiac tamponadeFluid in pericardium → compresses heart
Apex of heart location5th L intercostal space, 9 cm from midline
Base of heart formed byMainly left atrium (posterior)
Fossa ovalisRight atrium — remnant of foramen ovale
Right AV valveTricuspid (3 cusps)
Left AV valveMitral / bicuspid (2 cusps)
RCA key branchesSA node branch + posterior interventricular a.
LCA key branchesLAD (anterior interventricular) + circumflex
Cardiac venous drainageCoronary sinus → right atrium
Pacemaker of the heartSA node (sinoatrial node)
Arch of aorta — 3 branchesBrachiocephalic · L common carotid · L subclavian
Respiratory System — Lec 11
Overview
Respiratory System — Divisions
Upper + Lower tracts (structural) · Conducting + Respiratory zones (functional)
Conducting zone → air deliveryRespiratory zone → gas exchange
🫁
The Nose & Nasal Cavity
Nasal Cavity
Nostrils → choanae → nasopharynx
Divided by nasal septum
Divided by nasal septum
Olfactory epithelium = smell
👃
Nasal Septum
Septal cartilage · Perpendicular plate of ethmoid · Vomer
3 components
🦴
Paranasal Sinuses
Ethmoid · Sphenoid · Frontal · Maxillary
All open into nasal cavity
All open into nasal cavity
Resonance + lighten skull
⚠️ Sinusitis = inflammation of sinus mucous membrane
🦴
Pharynx
Pharynx
Base of skull → C6 · Skeletal muscle + mucous membrane
3 parts: Naso- · Oro- · Laryngopharynx
3 parts: Naso- · Oro- · Laryngopharynx
Nasopharynx · Oropharynx · Laryngopharynx
🗣️
Larynx
Larynx — Overview
C3–C6 · 9 cartilages (3 single + 3 paired)
Phonation · Cough · Protection
🗣️
Thyroid Cartilage
Largest laryngeal cartilage · Adam's apple = laryngeal prominence
Largest of 9 cartilages
🦴
Cricoid Cartilage
Level of C6 · Only complete cartilage ring in the airway
Tracheostomy landmark
⚠️ Only COMPLETE ring — all other tracheal rings are C-shaped
🦴
Epiglottis
Leaf-shaped elastic cartilage · Closes laryngeal inlet during swallowing
Prevents aspiration
⚠️ Epiglottitis = life-threatening airway emergency
🦴
Arytenoid Cartilages (paired)
Sit atop cricoid · Control vocal cord movement
+ Corniculate + Cuneiform pairs
+ Corniculate + Cuneiform pairs
Voice quality + pitch control
🦴
Trachea
Trachea
C6 → sternal angle (T4–T5) · 16–20 C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings
Bifurcates at sternal angleOpen end faces esophagus
🫁
Bronchi & Bronchial Tree
Bronchi & Carina
Right: wider + shorter + more vertical → foreign bodies
Carina = most sensitive cough reflex area
Carina = most sensitive cough reflex area
Foreign bodies → right bronchus
⚠️ Carina = most sensitive area triggering cough reflex
🫁
Bronchial Tree
Primary → Secondary (lobes) → Tertiary (segments) → Bronchioles → Terminal → Respiratory → Alveoli
Cartilage ↓ as branching ↑Smooth muscle ↑
🌿
Pleura
Pleura
Visceral (on lung) + Parietal (on thoracic wall)
Pleural cavity between the two layers
Pleural cavity between the two layers
Pleural cavity = potential space
⚠️ Pneumothorax = air in pleural space → lung collapse
🫁
The Lungs
Lungs — Overview
Cone-shaped: apex + base + 3 surfaces + 3 borders
Left lung smaller → cardiac notch
Left lung smaller → cardiac notch
Major respiratory organs
🫁
Right Lung
3 lobes: superior · middle · inferior
2 fissures: oblique + horizontal
2 fissures: oblique + horizontal
3 lobesOblique + horizontal fissures
🫁
Left Lung
2 lobes: superior · inferior
1 fissure: oblique only · Cardiac notch + lingula
1 fissure: oblique only · Cardiac notch + lingula
2 lobesOblique fissure only
🫁
Lung Root & Hilum
Hilum contains: bronchus + pulmonary artery + 2 pulmonary veins
Pulmonary artery = deoxygenatedPulmonary veins = oxygenated
🫁
⚡ Quick-fire — Respiratory
Conducting zone ends atTerminal bronchioles
Respiratory zone starts atRespiratory bronchioles
Nasal septum 3 partsSeptal cartilage · Perpendicular plate ethmoid · Vomer
Paranasal sinuses inEthmoid · Sphenoid · Frontal · Maxillary
Pharynx ends atInferior border of cricoid (C6)
Largest laryngeal cartilageThyroid cartilage (Adam's apple)
Cricoid cartilage levelC6 — landmark for tracheostomy
Epiglottis closes duringSwallowing — prevents aspiration
Trachea extendsC6 → sternal angle (T4–T5)
Tracheal cartilage rings16–20 C-shaped rings (open posteriorly)
Foreign body → which side?Right bronchus (wider + shorter + more vertical)
Carina functionMost sensitive area for cough reflex
Right lung lobes3 lobes (oblique + horizontal fissures)
Left lung lobes2 lobes (oblique fissure only)
Hilum containsBronchus + pulmonary artery + 2 pulmonary veins
Digestive System — Lec 12
Mouth (Oral Cavity)
Oral Cavity
Vestibule (cheeks/lips to teeth) · Mouth cavity proper (teeth to oropharynx)
Digestion · Communication · Breathing
👄
The Tongue
Extrinsic + intrinsic skeletal muscles covered by mucous membrane
Mastication · Speech · SensationExtrinsic + intrinsic muscles
👅
Teeth
Milk = 20 · Permanent = 32
Milk: 8I + 4C + 8MPermanent: 8I + 4C + 8PM + 12M
🦷
Salivary Glands
Parotid Gland
In front & below the ear · Duct opens opposite upper 2nd molar
Serous salivaOpens in vestibule
⚠️ Mumps = viral parotitis
💧
Submandibular Gland
Below mandible · Duct opens on floor of mouth cavity proper
Mixed serous + mucousOpens on mouth floor
💧
Sublingual Gland
Below tongue · Multiple ducts → floor of mouth + submandibular duct
Mainly mucous secretionSmallest salivary gland
💧
Pharynx & Esophagus
Pharynx
Nasopharynx · Oropharynx · Laryngopharynx
Nasal cavity → larynxOral cavity → esophagus
🗣️
Esophagus
C6 → T11 · 25 cm · Upper=skeletal / Lower=smooth muscle
Peristalsis → stomachC6 (cricoid) → T11
⚠️ Upper 1/3 skeletal · Middle mixed · Lower 1/3 smooth
🔴
Peritoneum
Peritoneum
Thin serous membrane · Parietal (wall) + Visceral (organs)
Parietal + Visceral layersPeritoneal cavity = potential space
⚠️ Peritonitis = inflammation · Ascites = fluid in peritoneal cavity
🩺
Stomach
Stomach
Cardia → Fundus → Body → Pylorus · Lesser + Greater curvature
Widest part of GI tractCardiac end ↔ Pyloric end
Lesser curvature = concave medial border · Greater curvature = convex lateral border
🫄
Small Intestine
Small Intestine
Duodenum → Jejunum → Ileum · Pylorus → ileocecal junction
Digestion + absorption3 parts
🌀
Duodenum
~25 cm · Surrounds head of pancreas · Receives bile + pancreatic ducts
Major duodenal papillaC-shaped, retroperitoneal
Receives openings of common bile duct + main pancreatic duct
🌀
Large Intestine
Large Intestine
Cecum · Colon · Rectum · Anal canal · ~1.5 m
Water + mineral absorptionHaustrations · Taeniae coli
⚠️ Vermiform appendix attached to cecum — appendicitis = RLQ pain
🔵
Accessory Organs
Liver
~1.5 kg · RUQ · Right + Left + Caudate + Quadrate lobes
Portal vein 75%Hepatic artery 25%Hepatic vein → IVC
Largest gland · Produces bile · Detoxification checkpoint
🟤
Gallbladder
Fundus → Body → Neck → Cystic duct · Between right + quadrate lobes
Stores + concentrates bileReleased by CCK
⚠️ Gallstones most common in the gallbladder; can obstruct CBD
🟢
Biliary Tree
R+L hepatic → CHD → CBD → hepatopancreatic duct → duodenum
CBD obstruction → jaundiceSphincter of Oddi
CBD + pancreatic duct = ampulla of Vater → major duodenal papilla
🟡
Pancreas
Head · Neck · Body · Tail · Exocrine + Endocrine gland
Exocrine: digestive enzymesEndocrine: insulin + glucagon
⚠️ Head surrounded by duodenum · Tail touches spleen
🟡
⚡ Quick-fire — Digestive
Oral cavity divisionsVestibule + Mouth cavity proper
Vestibule receivesParotid duct openings (opp. upper 2nd molar)
Milk teeth count20 (8I + 4C + 8M — no premolars)
Permanent teeth count32 (8I + 4C + 8PM + 12M)
Submandibular duct opensFloor of mouth cavity proper
Sublingual gland drains intoFloor of mouth + submandibular duct
Esophagus length & vertebral levels25 cm · C6 → T11
Esophagus muscle typesUpper 1/3 skeletal · Middle mixed · Lower 1/3 smooth
Stomach widest partWidest part of the GI tube
Stomach 4 partsCardia → Fundus → Body → Pylorus
Duodenum length~25 cm · Surrounds head of pancreas
Large intestine length~1.5 m
Large intestine 3 hallmarksHaustrations · Taeniae coli · Omental appendices
Liver weight & location~1.5 kg · RUQ below diaphragm
Liver blood supply ratioPortal vein 75% + Hepatic artery 25%
Liver venous drainageHepatic veins → IVC
Gallbladder locationBetween right + quadrate lobes of liver
Gallbladder releases bile in response toCCK (cholecystokinin)
Biliary tree sequenceR+L hepatic → CHD → CBD → hepatopancreatic duct → duodenum
Pancreas partsHead · Neck · Body · Tail
Pancreas endocrine productInsulin (↓ glucose) + Glucagon (↑ glucose)